1 A 13 member editorial panel of aquatic experts recommended: Alexander Gabrielsen, Ph.D., 1990, NOVA University Press.
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Results for a comprehensive study of diving injuries are presented in "Diving Injuries: The Etiology of 486 Case Studies with Recommendations for Needed Action" edited by Dr.The American Red Cross recommends a minimum of 9 feet of water depth for head first dives including dives from pool decks.1, 2Ī review of incidents reported by local health departments to the BCSFP occurring at regulated bathing facilities in New York State from 1987-1991 indicates 30 shallow diving related injuries occurred 15 resulted from dives in the shallow end of pools 8 occurred at beaches 7 resulted from starting block use (all were competitive swimmers during competition or team practice). It is estimated that ninety percent of these incidents occur in water depths less than 6 feet. 1 Approximately ¾ occur in the natural aquatic environment (lakes, ponds, streams, etc.) while the remaining amount occur in swimming pools. It is estimated that approximately 800 spinal cord injuries resulting from diving into a body of water occur each year in the United States. To avoid injury it is critical that the diver's arms and hands are locked forward in a proper position that prevents head contact with he bottom and the diver must steer-up immediately by arching the back, lifting the head and aiming the hands up. When diving into shallow water very little reaction time is available between entering the water and striking the bottom. It should be noted that a running head first dive from the deck can result in entrance velocities similar to those resulting from take-off from a one meter diving board and can project the diver further out into the pool. Physics of Diving:Ī head first dive from a deck or starting block is comprised of several components which include: the diver's starting position use of legs and arms which generate thrust in-air trajectory entrance angle in water in-water trajectory and the arm and head position in the water. Therefore, young (small) children are generally not subject to the increased level of risk as adults. The heavier the individual and the greater the velocity the more likely injury will occur. The diver's weight, underwater velocity and angle of impact are major determining factors on whether impact will result in injury. Most diving injuries occur with the neck in the flexed (chin toward chest) position. Minimal force is needed to cause spinal injury especially when the neck is not in a neutral position. Should the arms collapse upon impact or not be in a forward position, the head is vulnerable.
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Most serious injuries involve the cervical spine (neck) in the C-5 region and are classified as compression or flexion-compression injuries.Ī diver's extended hands and arms provide the only source of protection to the head. Spinal cord injuries occur when the diver strikes his/her head on an object such as a pool or lake bottom or a submerged object. This fact sheet reviews current research, studies and includes some of their recommendations regarding diving from low fixed platforms, such as pool decks, starting blocks and docks in order to prevent the potential for serious injury.
STARTERS ORDERS 6 INJURIES CODE
To accomplish the safety objective, the code specifies minimum water depths for head first diving from pool decks and minimum depths for new installations of starting blocks. The primary objective of Part 6 of the New York State Sanitary Code is to assure that public bathing facilities are operated in a safe and sanitary manner.
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Minimum Water Depths for Head First Diving From Pool Decks, Starting Blocks, Docks and Similar Low Fixed Platforms Introduction: